Multi-stage waveform detector

ABSTRACT

A waveform detector may include multiple stages.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates, in general, to systems, devices, andmethods that interact with electromagnetic or other energy.

SUMMARY

An embodiment provides a system for interacting with electromagnetic orother energy that includes a first detector assembly arranged relativeto a second detector assembly. In addition to the foregoing, otherembodiments are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming apart of the present application.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a detector system.

FIG. 2 shows a zone plate.

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the detector system.

FIG. 4 shows a diffraction grating.

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the detector system.

FIG. 6 shows a split ring resonator and an interferometer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In a first embodiment, shown in FIG. 1, a source 100 provides a firstwave 101 to a detector system 112, where the detector system 112includes an array of subassemblies or detectors 104, arranged to form afirst detector assembly 102. The wave 101 may be any kind of wave,including (but not limited to) an electromagnetic, acoustic, mechanical,or particle wave. The detectors 104 may include (but are not limited to)quantum dots, antennae, photo-detectors, resonant structures, or anynumber of devices or structures that can detect or interact with energy.The size, type, number, orientation, separation, homogeneity, and otherfeatures of the detectors 104 may be dependent on the wavelength of theenergy that the array is configured to detect, the size of the source100, the distance between the source 100 and the first detector assembly102, relative orientations, positions, or other relative aspects of thesource 100 and first detector assembly 102, polarization of the wave101, or a variety of other design considerations.

As a portion of the energy in the wave 101 interacts with the firstdetector assembly 102, a second portion of the energy in the wave 101may travel past the first detector assembly 102, and energy may bere-emitted from the first detector assembly 102, as well. The secondportion and the re-emitted energy combine in whole or in part to form asecond wave 105 that travels as indicated in FIG. 1. A second array ofdetectors 108 that forms a second detector assembly 106 is positioned tointercept the second wave 105. The detectors 108 in the second detectorassembly 106 may be any of the kinds of detectors 104 that weredescribed for the first detector assembly 102. While the detectors 108may be substantially identical in type to the detectors 104, they mayalso differ in type, size, density or other aspects from the detectors104.

The number, arrangement, orientation and other aspects of the detectors104, 108 may vary according to design considerations. The assemblies102, 106 may or may not include a substrate, the substrate beingcontiguous or having spacings. In one approach, each detector assembly102, 106 may comprise a single detector having characteristics such asposition, size, shape and orientation selected according to theparticular design. Alternatively, one or more of the detector assemblies102, 106 may be configured with a plurality of detectors 104, 108 havinga density such that the detectors 104, 108 may interact with respectiveportions of the waves 101, 105. While the illustrative arrangements ofthe detectors 104, 108 are presented with relatively simple arrangementsand with a relatively small number of individual detectors 104, 108 forclarity of presentation, the detector assemblies 102, 106 may includemore or fewer detectors 104, 108 and may be arranged in a variety ofconfigurations depending on the particular design of the detector system112. Further, although the illustrative example includes two assemblies102, 106, the principles and structures herein can be adapted fordetector systems 112 that include three or more detector assemblies 102,106.

Responsive to the first wave 101 and the second wave 105, the detectors104, 108 produce respective signals corresponding to the first andsecond waves 101, 105. In one approach, the respective signals travel toa signal processor 110. While the embodiment shows a single signalprocessor 110 that receives signals from detectors 104 and 108, in otherconfigurations each of the signals may travel to a respective processor110 or to more than one processor 110. Moreover, although the signalprocessor 110 is shown as separate from the detectors 104, 108, thesignal processor 110 and one or more of the detectors 104, 108 may bepart of a single assembly. In still another approach, other components,such as amplifiers, filters, wireless couplers, mixers, or othercomponents may be interposed between the detectors 104, 108 and thesignal processor 110 or may be integral to the signal processor 110.Further, in some applications, the signals from the detectors 104, 108may be used directly or supplied to an external system withoutsignificant processing.

Although FIG. 1 is shown with the source 100 providing the first wave101 directly to the first detector assembly 102, in another embodimentthe first wave 101 may not travel directly from the source 100 to thefirst detector assembly 102. For example, the first wave 101 mayencounter an object between the source 100 and the first detectorassembly 102. The source 100 may, for example, be a laser, an acoustictransducer, a natural source of waves such as solar energy, or adifferent source of waves. The source 100 may be configured to producecoherent or incoherent radiation and may be configured to scan over anenergy range or to spatially scan over the detector system 112. Further,although the embodiment in FIG. 1 is shown with a single source 100,more than one source may produce the wave 101, or the source of the wave101 may be unknown. The wave 101, although shown having a simple curvedwavefront in FIG. 1, may be any shape or form.

In one embodiment, the detectors 104 may be arranged to form the zoneplate 206 shown in FIG. 2. In this case the detectors 104 may bearranged in alternating sections 202, 204 that are substantiallyconcentric as shown in FIG. 2. The zone plate 206 may be included in thefirst detector assembly 102, and the second detector assembly 106 may bepositioned at the focal plane of the zone plate 206 or at a differentlocation relative to the zone plate 206. The focusing of the arrangementmay be dependent on the density of the detectors 104, and in somearrangements, other material may be included in the detector assembly102 to further define the sections 202, 204. Zone plates are describedin F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White, “FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICS”, FourthEdition, McGraw-Hill, 1976, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one case the alternating sections 202, 204 may be substantiallyopaque and transparent, respectively, where the detectors 104 areeffectively opaque to the energy incident on them and are positioned toform the sections 202. Examples of such detectors 104 may include, butare not limited to, parabolic reflector antennae or photo-detectors.Although the sections 202, 204 are described in this embodiment as beingopaque or transparent, it may be the case that not every section 202 isopaque and not every section 204 is transparent, or the opaque sections202 may not be entirely opaque and the transparent sections 204 may notbe entirely transparent. One skilled in the art may recognize that anelement having the desired features may still be achieved even if thedesign of the zone plate 206 differs from that described in Jenkins andWhite.

In another case the alternating sections 202, 204 may be phase-shiftingand transparent, respectively, where the detectors 104 may be resonantstructures such that they absorb and re-resonate energy and arepositioned to form the sections 202. Examples of such structures mayinclude some antennae, split ring resonators, quantum dots, or adifferent kind of detector. Although the sections 202, 204 are describedin this embodiment as being phase-shifting or transparent, it may be thecase that not every section 202 is phase-shifting and not every section204 is transparent, or the phase-shifting sections 202 may not beentirely phase-shifting and the transparent sections 204 may not beentirely transparent. Moreover, some of the sections 202, 204 may bepartially transmissive or have some gradation of phase, absorption orgain.

Although the zone plate 206 in FIG. 2 is shown having circular sections202, 204 it is not necessary for a zone plate 206 to have circularsections. For example, a square zone plate is described in F. J.Gonzalez, J. Alda, B. Ilic, and G. D. Boreman, “INFRARED ANTENNASCOUPLED TO LITHOGRAPHIC FRESNEL ZONE PLATE LENSES”, Applied Optics,Volume 43, Number 33, Nov. 20, 2004, which is incorporated herein byreference, and other geometries may also be possible.

The detectors 104 may be arranged to change the phase of the first wave101 in a spatially varying manner to focus the wave, form an image, orfor another purpose. For example, the detectors 104 may be arrangedanalogously to a Gabor zone plate or a hologram as described in F. L.Pedrotti and L. S. Pedrotti, “INTRODUCTION TO OPTICS”, Second Edition,Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1993, which is incorporated herein by reference.The phase of the wave 101 may be varied by varying the density ofdetectors 104, by varying the properties of the detectors 104, or insome other way.

FIG. 3 shows the detector system 112 where the first detector assembly102 is arranged to form a focusing element, where the focusing elementmay be a zone plate 206. Parallel incoming rays 302 are incident on thefirst detector assembly 102 and are focused to the second detectorassembly 106, where in this embodiment the second detector assembly 106includes a single detector 108. Information from the detectors 104, 108is transmitted to the signal processor 110. FIG. 3 is shown with asingle detector 108 located a focal distance 304 away from the zoneplate 206, however the second detector assembly 106 may comprise morethan one detector 108, and the detector may not be at the focal point ofthe zone plate 206. Further, FIG. 3 is shown with parallel incoming rays302 (where the rays 302 show the direction of propagation of the wave101) incoming at normal incidence to the first detector assembly 102,however the wave 101 need not impinge on the first detector assembly 102at normal incidence as shown in FIG. 3 and the wave 101 need not be asubstantially plane wave.

In another embodiment, the detectors 104 may be arranged as adiffraction grating 402 having alternating sections 404, 406 that aresubstantially parallel, as shown in FIG. 4. The diffraction grating 402may be included in the first detector assembly 102, and the seconddetector assembly 106 may be positioned to receive radiation diffractedby the grating 402. The properties of the grating 402 may be dependenton the width of the sections 404, 406, the number of sections 404, 406,or another parameter. Diffraction gratings are described in Jenkins andWhite.

In one approach the alternating sections 404, 406 may be substantiallyopaque and transparent, respectively, where the detectors 104 areeffectively opaque to the energy incident on them and are positioned toform the sections 404. In another case the alternating sections 404, 406may be phase-shifting and transparent, respectively, where the detectors104 may be resonant structures such that they absorb and re-resonateenergy and are positioned to form the sections 404. In another case,sections 404 and 406 may both include phase-shifting detectors such thatthe detectors 104 in sections 404 and the detectors 104 in sections 406phase shift by different amounts to form a diffraction grating 402. Insome arrangements, other material may be included in the diffractiongrating 402 to further define the sections 404, 406. As described forthe zone plate 206, one skilled in the art may recognize that an elementhaving the desired features may still be achieved even if the design ofthe diffraction grating 402 described in Jenkins and White is notadhered to exactly.

FIG. 5 shows the detector system 112 where the detectors 104 in thefirst detector assembly 102 are arranged to form a diffraction grating402. Parallel incoming rays 302 are incident on the first detectorassembly 102 and are diffracted to the second detector assembly 106,where the second detector assembly 106 may be positioned to receiveradiation diffracted by the grating 402. The diffraction grating 402 isconfigured to diffract different frequencies of radiation (representedby rays 502, 504, 506, 508) at different angles, and the second detectorassembly 106 may be positioned with one or more detectors 108 positionedto receive energy of a given frequency or range of frequencies.Information from the detectors 104, 108 is transmitted to the signalprocessor 110. FIG. 5 is shown with four detectors 108 approximatelyequally spaced, however the second detector assembly 106 may compriseany number of detectors 108, and the detectors 108 may be located at anyplace on the second detector assembly 106. Further, FIG. 5 is shown withparallel incoming rays 302 (where the rays 302 show the direction ofpropagation of the wave 101) incoming at normal incidence to the firstdetector assembly 102, however the wave 101 need not impinge on thefirst detector assembly 102 at normal incidence as shown in FIG. 5 andthe wave 101 need not be a substantially plane wave.

FIG. 5 shows both detector assemblies 102, 106 connected to the signalprocessor 110, however in some configurations it is not necessary forthe detector assemblies 102, 106 to be connected to the signal processor110. Or, only one of the detector assemblies 102 or 106 may be connectedto the signal processor 110.

The configuration in FIG. 5 may be such that the detector assembly 102is arranged to detect radiation in a range of energies and incomingangles and the detector assembly 106 is configured to detect radiationin a different range of energies and incoming angles, as described forthe configuration in FIG. 3. The detector(s) 108 may be positioned, asshown in FIG. 5, such that each detector 108 receives a different energyband.

Although the embodiments in FIGS. 1-6 are described as having twodetector assemblies 102, 106, the detector system 112 may include morethan two detector assemblies. In such arrangements, either or both ofthe detector assemblies may provide, shape or otherwise influence thefirst and/or second waves to produce additional waves for interactionwith a third detector assembly (not shown). Similarly, as additionaldetector assemblies are included, each may act as both a detectorassembly and as a structure that interacts with energy. Moreover,portions of energy can propagate from the additional detector assembliesin a similar fashion to the second wave.

Further, FIGS. 1, 3, and 5 show the first and second detector assemblies102, 106 being centered about (or substantially centered about) a commonlocation along the y direction 122. However, in some embodiments it maybe desirable for the detector assemblies 102, 106 to be offset from eachother along the y direction 122. Although the detector assemblies 102,106 are shown as being substantially planar, it is not necessary forthem to be planar and they may take any shape.

The signals from the detectors 104, 108 may be delivered to the signalprocessor 110 in a variety of ways. For detectors 104, 108 that generatean electrical signal, such as many kinds of antennae, photodetectors, oracoustic transducers, the signals from the detectors 104, 108 may bedelivered to the signal processor 110 electrically. For detectors 104,108 that receive electromagnetic energy, the signals from the detectors104, 108 may be delivered to the signal processor 110 via a waveguidesuch as an optical fiber, via free space or in a different way. Althoughelectrical and electromagnetic signals are presented as examples offorms that the signal may take, one skilled in the art will recognizethat the type of signal may depend on the type of detector, and mayadjust the signal processor 110 based on the type or types of signalsinput to the signal processor 110. The signals from all of the detectors104, 108 may all be of the same form, for example all electrical signalsor all electromagnetic signals, or different signals from the detectors104, 108 may be delivered to the signal processor 110 in differentforms.

Although the above embodiments are described in terms of having only onekind of detector, it may be desirable in some configurations to includemore than one kind of detector. For example, the first or seconddetector assembly 102, 106 may include antennae of different sizes, orthey may include both antennae and photodetectors. These configurationsare illustrative examples of the different combinations of detectors104, 108 that may be configured, and many other configurations arepossible.

Returning to the illustrative embodiments of FIGS. 1, 3, and 5, thefirst wave 101 is described as impinging on the first detector assembly102 for simplicity of explanation. The first wave 101 is representativeof energy incident on the first detector assembly 102 and is not limitedto monochromatic plane waves, and can include any kind of energydistribution, including those with a range of energies, irregularwavefronts, or distributions where the spatial and frequency range ofthe energy is unknown.

The detectors 104, 108 are configured to receive energy having an energydistribution, the energy distribution including a frequency range. Thisfrequency range may be very small such that the detectors 104, 108 areconsidered to detect substantially one frequency, or the frequencyresponse of the detectors 104, 108 may be a function of frequency. Thedetectors 104, 108 may all detect energy in substantially the samefrequency range, or the detectors 104 in the first detector assembly 102may detect energy in a first frequency range and the detectors 108 inthe second detector assembly 106 may detect energy in a second frequencyrange, or the detector assemblies 102, 106 may include a variety ofdetectors 104, 108 that receive energy in a variety of frequency ranges.

In one embodiment, one or both of the detector assemblies 102, 106 mayinclude a device that receives energy and may guide the energy todetectors 104, 108, such as a concentrator designed to receive solarenergy as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,149,902 entitledFLUORESCENT SOLAR ENERGY CONCENTRATOR to Mauer, et al., which isincorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the concentratormay be formed in the shape of the zone plate 206 shown in FIG. 2, suchthat the first detector assembly 102 includes the zone plate 206 and thedetectors 104 are configured to receive the energy from theconcentrator, where the zone plate 206 is incorporated into the detectorsystem 112 as described in FIG. 3. Although the embodiment is describedwith the concentrator shaped as a zone plate 206 configured to beincluded in the first detector assembly 102, the concentrator may have adifferent shape, and may be included in the second detector assembly 106or both the first and second detector assemblies 102, 106, wheredetectors 104, 108 may be positioned to receive the energy collected.The device may be a solid planar device or may be shaped to focus ordirect energy. Further, although a device that receives and guides solarenergy is described, one skilled in the art may extend the concept todifferent frequency ranges or different kinds of energy.

In one embodiment the first or second detector assemblies 102, 106 mayinclude a metamaterial. Examples of metamaterials can be found in R. A.Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, “EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF ANEGATIVE INDEX OF REFRACTION”, Science, Volume 292, Apr. 6, 2001; D. R.Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz,“COMPOSITE MEDIUM WITH SIMULTANEOUSLY NEGATIVE PERMEABILITY ANDPERMITTIVITY”, Physical Review Letters, Volume 84, Number 18, May 1,2000; D. R. Smith, J. B. Pendry, M. C. K. Wiltshire, “METAMATERIALS ANDNEGATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX”, Science, Volume 305, Aug. 6, 2004; D. R.Smith and D. C. Vier, “DESIGN OF METAMATERIALS WITH NEGATIVE REFRACTIVEINDEX”, Proceedings of SPIE, Volume 5359, Quantum Sensing andNanophotonic Devices, Manijeh Razeghi, Gail J. Brown, Editors, July2004, pp. 52-63; each of which is incorporated herein by reference.Although the above references describe metamaterials having negativeindex of refraction, other metamaterials may not have a negative indexof refraction.

One example of a metamaterial, described in D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla,D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, “COMPOSITE MEDIUM WITHSIMULTANEOUSLY NEGATIVE PERMEABILITY AND PERMITTIVITY”, Physical ReviewLetters, Volume 84, Number 18, May 1, 2000, includes an array of splitring resonators and wires. In this case, the array may be configured toform the first detector assembly 102, where the individual split ringresonators and wires form the detectors 104. In one embodiment, themetamaterial may be arranged to have a gradient index of refraction asdescribed in D. R. Smith, J. J. Mock, A. F. Starr, and D. Schurig, “AGRADIENT INDEX METAMATERIAL”, available at:http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0407063; and R. B. Greegor, C. G.Parazzoli, J. A. Nielsen, M. A. Thompson, M. H. Tanielian, and D. R.Smith, “SIMULATION AND TESTING OF A GRADED NEGATIVE INDEX OF REFRACTIONLENS,” Applied Physics Letters, Volume 87, page 091114, Aug. 29, 2005,each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The embodiment in FIG. 6 demonstrates one way of extracting a signalfrom an array including a split ring resonator. FIG. 6 shows a splitring resonator 602 proximate to an optical interferometer 604, where theinterferometer 604 includes an electrooptic polymer. The interferometer604 is similar to a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, described in Jenkinsand White. The interferometer 604 is configured with an input end 608,an output end 610, and two straight sections 606, 607. One or both ofthe straight sections 606, 607 includes or is substantially adjacent toa region having an electrooptic polymer. The interferometer 604 isconfigured to receive electromagnetic energy, such as light energy, atthe input end 608, and guide the electromagnetic energy. Theelectromagnetic energy divides, typically into two substantially equalportions at the first branch 609. A first portion travels through one ofthe straight sections 606 and the other through the other straightsection 607.

The energy from the straight sections 606, 607 recombines at the secondbranch 611, and provides an output signal at the output end 610. Whenthe split ring resonator 602 responds to incoming electromagneticenergy, the resonator produces localized fields, due to induced currentsand/or electrical potentials in the resonator 602. The localized fieldsinteract with the electrooptic polymer and produce variations in theeffective refractive index experienced by the guided energy. This thenchanges the effective path length of the arm(s) 606, 607 of theinterferometer 604 that include the electrooptic polymer. As is knownfor interferometric modulators and switches, the amount of light exitingthe output end is a function of the relative change in effectiverefractive index in the legs of the interferometer, thus providinginformation about the current in the split ring resonator 602. Onestraight section 606 or 607 of the interferometer 604 may partially orentirely comprise an electrooptic polymer, both straight sections 606,607 may comprise electrooptic polymer, or the entire interferometer 604may comprise electrooptic polymer. The interferometer 604 may includewaveguiding portions that are defects etched in a material, portionsincluding waveguiding dielectric, portions that allow electromagneticenergy to propagate in free space, or other configurations. Moreover,the position of the interferometer 604 relative to the split ringresonator 602 is one illustrative example and the relative positions maybe different from that shown in FIG. 6 and may still provide a signalresponsive to current in the split ring resonator 602. Further, althoughthe split ring resonator 602 in FIG. 6 is shown having substantiallyrectilinear geometry, this is not required and other split ringresonator geometries are known to those skilled in the art.

Another way of extracting signals from a metamaterial array is byincluding one or more antennae in the array. Measurements of the fieldsinside a metamaterial comprising split ring resonators and wires using ascannable antenna are described in J. B. Brock, A. A. Houck, and I. L.Chuang, “FOCUSING INSIDE NEGATIVE INDEX MATERIALS”, Applied PhysicsLetters, Volume 85, Number 13, Sep. 27, 2004, which is incorporatedherein by reference. Although an antenna is one way of extracting thesignal from the metamaterial, the signals may be extracted in otherapproaches. For example, the signal may be sampled using one or moreswitched circuits coupled to the resonators. In still another example,the signal may be measured by directly or indirectly measuring thecurrent in the split ring resonators or wires or other properties of thesplit ring resonators or wires.

Moreover, although the illustrative example of a metamaterial includedsplit ring resonators, other types of materials or metamaterials may beincorporated into one or more of the detector assemblies or in additionto the detector assemblies. The selection of the structure of themetamaterial, its properties, such as its effective permittivity,permeability, principal frequency, loss, gain or other aspect is adesign choice that may depend upon the intended application, costconstraints, expected input or other design constraints. Similar designconsiderations apply to the methods and structures for determining theproperties of the energy intercepted by the detector assemblies.Further, the field of metamaterials and negative index materials isevolving rapidly and other approaches to forming such materials havebeen described, including those incorporating transmission lines orwires, nanorods, multiferroic materials, or other approaches toestablishing an effective permittivity and/or permeability. In someapplications these approaches may be incorporated into one or more ofthe detector assemblies 102, 106. Although metamaterials have beendescribed as related to electromagnetic radiation, such materials orequivalents to such materials may be implemented for other types ofwaves. For example, phononic metamaterials have been reported in SuxiaYang, J. H. Page, Zhengyou Liu, M. L. Cowan, C. T. Chan, and Ping Sheng,“FOCUSING OF SOUND IN A 3D PHONONIC CRYSTAL”, Physical Review Letters,Volume 93, Page 024301, Jul. 7, 2004, which is incorporated herein byreference.

In one embodiment, the detectors 104, 108 may be quantum dots. Oneexample of how quantum dots may be incorporated as a detector isdescribed in J. L. Jimenez, L. R. C. Fonseca, D. J. Brady, J. P.Leburton, D. E. Wohlert, and K. Y. Cheng, “THE QUANTUM DOTSPECTROMETER”, Applied Physics Letters, Volume 71, Number 24, Dec. 15,1997, page 3558-3560, which is incorporated herein by reference. Thequantum dots may be incorporated as detectors 104, 108 in either thefirst detector assembly 102, the second detector assembly 106, or both.An assembly of quantum dots may comprise a single type of quantum dotthat absorbs and re-emits in a relatively narrow wavelength band, or itmay comprise more than one type of quantum dot, thus expanding thewavelength band at which the detector assemblies absorb and re-emit.

In another embodiment the detectors 104, 108 may be antennae, where theantennae may include dipole or other types of antennae. Those skilled inthe art may recognize that a multitude of different devices may form anantenna and that an antenna may exist in a wide variety of shapes andsizes. For example, an antenna may be very small and include a nanotube,as is described in Y. Wang, K. Kempa, B. Kimball, J. B. Carlson, G.Benham, W. Z. Li, T. Kempa, J. Rybczynski, A. Herczynski, Z. F. Ren,“RECEIVING AND TRANSMITTING LIGHT-LIKE RADIO WAVES: ANTENNA EFFECT INARRAYS OF ALIGNED CARBON NANOTUBES”, Applied Physics Letters, Volume 85,Number 13, Sep. 27, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference. Theantennae may be incorporated as detectors 104, 108 in one or more of thefirst detector assembly 102 and the second detector assembly 106. Anassembly of antennae may comprise a single type of antenna that absorbsand re-emits in a relatively narrow wavelength band, or it may comprisemore than one type of antenna, thus expanding the wavelength band atwhich the detector assemblies absorb and re-emit.

The signal processor 110 may perform a variety of functions. In oneexample, where the detectors 104 in the first array are antennae, theprocessor 110 may extract information from the respective signals fromthe first detector assembly 102 according to conventional antenna arraytechniques. Where the detectors 108 in the second array are antennae,the processor 110 may also extract information from the respectivesignals from the second detector assembly 106 according to conventionalantenna array techniques. Alternatively, where the second detectorassembly 106 includes a single antenna, the processor 110 may extractinformation from the respective signal from the single antenna accordingto conventional transceiver techniques.

While these illustrative examples involve one or more antenna arrays andapplication of antenna array or transceiver techniques, the signalprocessor 110 may apply a range of other techniques in addition to or asan alternative to the previously described techniques. For example, thesignal processor 110 may perform a Fourier transform on one or more ofthe signals for imaging or other purposes, a correlation orautocorrelation between signals, or it may include a filter, which maybe a noise filter or other type of filter, and may be low pass, highpass, or bandpass. In one embodiment the source 100 and the detectorsystem 112 may be in motion relative to one another and the signalprocessor 110 may be configured to compensate for this relative motion.

In one embodiment the signal processor 110 may be configured to sampledata from the detectors 104, 108 as a function of time. Such aconfiguration may be desirable especially in systems where the source100 and detector system 112 are in motion relative to each other. Inthis case the sampling rate may be adjustable, and may be determined bythe magnitude of the relative motion between the source 100 and thedetector system 112.

In one embodiment the signal processor 110 may comprise a computer,wherein the respective signals generated by the first detector assembly102 or the second detector assembly 106 or a signal corresponding to therespective signals from the first or second detector assemblies 102, 106is guided to the computer. The computer may comprise software forprocessing the signals received and it may include one or more devices(not shown) for interfacing the computer and the detector assemblies102, 106. The computer may or may not be proximate to the first andsecond detector assemblies 102, 106.

In one embodiment, the signal processor 110 may include components forprocessing electromagnetic signals. In this case, the signal processor110 may include components for mixing, reflecting, focusing, orotherwise changing the path of electromagnetic radiation. One example ofsuch a signal processor 110 is an arrangement for heterodyning twosignals, in which case the signal processor 110 may include a nonlineardevice such as a vacuum tube, transistor, or diode mixer.

Applications of the embodiments described in FIGS. 1-6 are wide rangingand may include imaging and/or image processing, x-rayspectrometry/spectroscopy, radar, medical imaging applications such asPET, CAT scans, MRI, and ultrasound, LIDAR, and other applications.

Those having skill in the art will recognize that the state of the arthas progressed to the point where there is little distinction leftbetween hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems; theuse of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that incertain contexts the choice between hardware and software can becomesignificant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs.Those having skill in the art will appreciate that there are variousvehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologiesdescribed herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/orfirmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context inwhich the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies aredeployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed andaccuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardwareand/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, theimplementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet againalternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware,software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles bywhich the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies describedherein may be effected, none of which is inherently superior to theother in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon thecontext in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns(e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any ofwhich may vary. Those skilled in the art will recognize that opticalaspects of implementations will typically employ optically-orientedhardware, software, and or firmware.

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments ofthe devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, diagrammaticrepresentations, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such blockdiagrams, diagrammatic representations, flowcharts, and/or examplescontain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understoodby those within the art that each function and/or operation within suchblock diagrams, diagrammatic representations, flowcharts, or examplescan be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range ofhardware, materials, components, software, firmware, or virtually anycombination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subjectmatter described herein may be implemented via Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs),digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However,those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of theembodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalentlyimplemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programsrunning on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs runningon one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on oneor more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or moremicroprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof,and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for thesoftware and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skillin the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled inthe art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matterdescribed herein are capable of being distributed as a program productin a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of thesubject matter described herein applies regardless of the particulartype of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out thedistribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are notlimited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppydisk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk(DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission typemedium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., afiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wirelesscommunication link, etc.).

Those having skill in the art will recognize that a system may includeone or more of a system housing or support, and may include electricalcomponents, alignment features, one or more interaction devices, such asa touch pad or screen, control systems including feedback loops andcontrol motors (e.g., feedback for sensing lens position and/orvelocity; control motors for moving/distorting lenses to give desiredfocuses). Such systems may include image processing systems, imagecapture systems, photolithographic systems, scanning systems, or othersystems employing focusing or refracting elements or processes.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shownand described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that,based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be madewithout departing from this invention and its broader aspects and,therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope allsuch changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scopeof this invention. Furthermore, it is to be understood that theinvention is solely defined by the appended claims. It will beunderstood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein,and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appendedclaims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term“including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” theterm “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term“includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,”“comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising”are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “including,but not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by thosewithin the art that if a specific number of an introduced claimrecitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in theclaim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present.For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claimsmay contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one ormore” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrasesshould not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claimrecitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particularclaim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventionscontaining only one such recitation, even when the same claim includesthe introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinitearticles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically beinterpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holdstrue for the use of definite articles used to introduce claimrecitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introducedclaim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art willrecognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to meanat least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “tworecitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least tworecitations, or two or more recitations).

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 46. An apparatuscomprising: a first array of discrete elements, said first array beingarranged in a first pattern, the first pattern being selected to pass afirst portion of an incoming wave to form a first interference pattern,said first array of discrete elements including at least two discreteelements configured to detect a portion of the incoming wave; and areceiver, said receiver being arranged according to the firstinterference pattern and aligned to receive the passed portion of thewave.
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 50. (canceled) 51.The apparatus of claim 46 further comprising a substrate configured tohold at least two discrete elements in the first array of discreteelements.
 52. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the first array ofdiscrete elements is operably coupled to the receiver.
 53. The apparatusof claim 46 wherein a first discrete element in the first array ofdiscrete elements is configured to detect energy in a first energy bandand a second discrete element in the first array of discrete elements isconfigured to detect energy in a second energy band different from thefirst energy band.
 54. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein a firstdiscrete element in the first array of discrete elements is configuredto detect energy in a first energy band and the receiver is configuredto detect energy in a second energy band different from the first energyband.
 55. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the first pattern forms atleast a portion of a zone plate.
 56. The apparatus of claim 46 whereinthe first pattern forms at least a portion of a diffraction grating. 57.The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the first pattern forms at least aportion of a hologram.
 58. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the firstpattern forms at least a portion of a focusing element configured toproduce a focus in a focal plane.
 59. The apparatus of claim 58 whereinthe receiver is positioned substantially in the focal plane to receiveenergy from the focus.
 60. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein theincoming wave includes electromagnetic energy.
 61. The apparatus ofclaim 46 wherein the incoming wave includes acoustic energy.
 62. Theapparatus of claim 46 wherein the receiver includes a second array ofelements, and wherein the second array of elements includes at least twoelements configured to receive the passed portion of the wave.
 63. Theapparatus of claim 46 further comprising a processor configured toreceive a signal from at least one discrete element in the first arrayof discrete elements and from the receiver.
 64. The apparatus of claim63 wherein the processor is further configured to produce a signalrepresentative of the incoming wave and the passed first portion of theincoming wave.
 65. The apparatus of claim 63 wherein the processor isfurther configured to send a signal to at least one discrete element inthe first array of discrete elements.
 66. The apparatus of claim 63wherein the processor is further configured to send a signal to thereceiver.
 67. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein at least one discreteelement in the first array of discrete elements includes a photodiode.68. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the receiver includes aphotodiode.
 69. The apparatus of claim 46 wherein at least one discreteelement in the first array of discrete elements includes an antenna. 70.The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the receiver includes an antenna. 71.The apparatus of claim 46 wherein at least one discrete element in thefirst array of discrete elements includes a split ring resonator. 72.The apparatus of claim 46 wherein at least one discrete element in thefirst array of discrete elements includes a transducer.
 73. Anapparatus, comprising: a first array of discrete elements, said firstarray being arranged in a first pattern, the first pattern beingselected to pass a first portion of an incoming wave to form a firstinterference pattern; a receiver, said receiver being arranged accordingto the first interference pattern and configured to receive the passedportion of the wave; and wherein a first discrete element in the firstarray of discrete elements is configured to detect energy in a firstenergy band and a second discrete element in the first array of discreteelements is configured to detect energy in a second energy banddifferent from the first energy band.
 74. An apparatus, comprising: areceiver having at least one receiver input positioned to receive energyin a first energy range; a first array of discrete elements positionedrelative to the receiver, said first array being arranged in a firstpattern, the first pattern being selected to pass a first portion of anincoming wave having energy in the first range and to form a firstinterference pattern overlapping the receiver input; and wherein saidfirst array of discrete elements includes at least two discrete elementsconfigured to detect a portion of the incoming wave.